Edited by Craig S. Atwood .
520 pages .
The development of techniques to culture embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in a pluripotent
state has been crucial for the manipulation and utilization of this special cell population
for understanding basic biological questions, as well as their use in practical applications
such as regenerative medicine and toxicology. The fi rst mammalian ESC lines
were derived from the mouse blastocyst 3 decades ago by two independent groups
(Evans and Kaufman 1981; Martin 1981). The development of specifi c methods for the
derivation and subsequent maintenance of ESCs in specifi c media conditions allowed
enquiry into mechanisms of cell pluripotency, growth, diff erentiation, degeneration
and regeneration, but also their practical application in toxicology. Some time later, the
development of techniques to successfully isolate and maintain human ESCs derived
from inner mass cells (ICM; (Bongso, et al. 1994; Thomson, et al. 1998)) opened up new
practical applications in regenerative medicine in addition to probing basic biological
mechanisms.
This book draws together reviews on the historical development of techniques, and
recent advances in, the derivation, culture, maintenance and imaging of ESCs, as well
as reviews on recent advances in genetic manipulation and reprogramming of ESCs
for basic biological experimentation, as well as their application for the development
of transgenic/chimeric mice and use in toxicological and drug discovery studies. In
the fi rst section of the book, ‘Methods for Derivation and Maintenance of Embryonic
Stem Cell Pluripotency’, chapters by Manganelli et al. and Fagundez et al. provide an
excellent historical overview of the technological advances that led to the successful
maintenance of mouse and human ESCs in culture. Zhang et al. next provide detailed
methodology for the isolation and dissociation of ICM for the derivation of ESCs, and
their culture, passage, freezing, thawing, karyotyping and diff erentiation into embryoid
bodies (EBs) or teratoma, as well as techniques involved in chimeric mouse
production. Techniques for the preservation of ESCs are reviewed by He and includes
detailed descriptions of cryopreservation at cryogenic temperatures (slow-freezing,
conventional vitrifi cation and low-cryoprotective agent vitrifi cation) prior to discussing
lyopreservation, or dry preservation at ambient temperature by evaporative drying
or freeze-drying. He also discusses biophysical considerations of cell preservation.
The next 5 chapters review recent advances in the development of techniques to allow
more effi cient and scalable culture of ESCs and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
These advances have been driven in large part by the desire to eliminate non-human
cells and materials, thereby avoiding issues including immunogenicity, complex purifi
cation, heterogeneous environments, batch-to-batch (or source-to-source) variation
in materials isolated from tissues, and presence of xenogenetic compounds. The
development of these techniques has been within the constraints that ESC self-renewal
and diff erentiation are known to be regulated via interactions with neighboring cells,
ECM components, soluble signaling factors, and the physicochemical environment.
The development of these new technologies has allowed greater control over material
properties and tissue responses. The fi rst of these chapters by D’Andrea Markert et
al. describe the topographical, mechanical and chemical cues that cells receive, and
the use of topographically and chemically modifi ed surfaces for expansion or diff erentiation
of ECSs. Haque et al. next describe recent developments in the construction
of novel ECM using genetically engineered adhesion molecules and growth factors
aimed at mimicking the regulatory characteristics of natural ECM and growth factors
in the extracellular microenvironment. Sakuragi and Ito then describe the culture of
ESCs on chemically fi xed feeder cells, the use of synthetic biomaterials for ESC maintenance
and EB formation and end with a description of developments in thermoresponsible
polymers that allow for temperature dependent ESC detachment. Mashayekhana
and Miyazakib describe how cell fate is controlled by chemical modifi cations to
the substrate, by geometric modifi cation and by modifi cation of material mechanics.
These authors end by describing strategies for culture surface design using glucosedisplaying
dendrimer substrates to control the morphology and function of ESCs. A
chapter on the use of novel substrates for cell culture by Wang and Zhang emphasizes
the use of three-dimensional silk fi broin scaff olds and their application to ESC culture
and diff erentiation .....
Craig S. AtwoodGeriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center,
Veterans Administration Hospital,
Department of Medicine,
University of Wisconsin,
Madison, WI 53705, USA
CONTENTS :
Part 1 of the textbook : Methods for Derivation and Maintenance of Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency 1
Chapter 1 Embryonic Stem Cells: from Blastocyst to in vitro Differentiation 3
Genesia Manganelli, Annalisa Fico and Stefania Filosa
Chapter 2 Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Basics from a Fertilized Zygote to These Promising Pluripotent Stem Cells 25
Carol Fagundez, Mónica Loresi, Stella Delcourt and Pablo Argibay
Chapter 3 Effective Derivation and Manipulation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells 45
Peng Zhang, Xinglong Wu, Pengbo Wang and Xiangyun Li
Chapter 4 Artificial Acellular Feeder Layer: An Advanced Engineered Extracellular Matrix for Stem Cell Culture 61
Amranul Haque, Masato Nagaoka, Xiao-Shan Yue, Stephen A. Duncan and Toshihiro Akaike
Chapter 5 Biomaterials for In Vitro Expansion of Embryonic Stem Cells 75
Makoto Sakuragi and Yoshihiro Ito
Chapter 6 Surface Engineering to Control Embryonic Stem Cell Fate 93
Shohreh Mashayekhan and Jun-ichi Miyazaki
Chapter 7 Preservation of Embryonic Stem Cells 113Xiaoming He
Chapter 8 Topographically and Chemically Modified Surfaces for Expansion or Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells 139
Lotte D’Andrea Markert, Jette Lovmand, Mogens Duch and Finn Skou Pedersen
Chapter 9 Directed Differentation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Combination of Biomaterials 159
Huihui Wang, Xiaojing Xu, Rong Ye and Huanxiang Zhang
Part 2 of the textbook : Methods of Imaging Embryonic Stem Cells 171
Chapter 10 Non-invasive Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived Endothelial Cells Using Reporter Genes 173
Yizhou Zheng, Deling Kong and Zongjin Li
Chapter 11 Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy as a Tool for Embryonic Stem Cell Studies 193
Diletta Ami, Paolo Mereghetti, Antonino Natalello and Silvia M. Doglia
Part 3 of the textbook : Methods for Reprogramming Cells 219
Chapter 12 Reprogrammed Parthenogenetic ES Cells - New Choice for Regenerative Medicine 221
Takuro Horii and Izuho Hatada
Chapter 13 Reprogramming Somatic Cells by Fusion with Embryonic Stem Cells: Present Status and Prospects in Regenerative Medicine 237
Jinnuo Han and Kuldip S. Sidhu
Chapter 14 Use of Transposon-Transposase Systems for Stable Genetic Modification of Embryonic Stem Cells 259
Tamás I. Orbán, Ágota Apáti, Zsuzsanna Izsvák, Zoltán Ivics and Balázs Sarkadi
Part 4 of the textbook : Methods for Genetic Delivery, Manipulation and Assessment in Embryonic Stem Cells 275
Chapter 15 Gene Transduction Approaches in Human Embryonic Stem Cells 277
David Brafman and Karl Willert
Chapter 16 Pluripotent Stem Cells Induced from Testicular Tissue of a Man with Klinefelter Syndrome (47, XXY) by Four Transcription Factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and C-MYC) 295
Hideyuki Kobayashi
Chapter 17 Application of Magnet-based Nanofection in Embryonic Stem Cell Research 307
Ssang-Goo Cho, Sachin Honguntikar and Hyun Joo Lee
Chapter 18 Chromosome Engineering in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells: Addition and Elimination of Targeted Chromosomes 327
Masako Tada
Chapter 19 Microarray Analysis of Undifferentiated and Differentiated Human Pluripotent Stem Cells 343
Jane Synnergren and Peter Sartipy
Chapter 20 Tracking the Structure of Protein Interaction Network via Multiple Genetic Perturbations on Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells — Implementation of the Entropy Maximization Principle 367
Lei Mao, Rossella De Cegli, Mario Lauria, Grit Nebrich, Jean Maurice Delabar, Yann Herault, Gilda Cobellis and Joachim Klose
Part 5 of the textbook : Methods for the Generation of Embryonic Stem Cell Lines for Production of Transgenic and Chimeric Rodents 381
Chapter 21 Establishment of Embryonic Stem Cells and Generation of Genetically Modified Rats 383
Masaki Kawamata and Takahiro Ochiya
Chapter 22 Rat Embryonic Stem Cells: Establishment and Their Use for Transgenesis 397
Masumi Hirabayashi and Shinichi Hochi
Part 6 of the textbook : Methods of Using Embryonic Stem Cells for Toxicology 411
Chapter 23 Assessment of Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity by the Embryonic Stem Cell Test 413
Kazuaki Nakamura, Shinji Kusakawa and Akito Tanoue
Chapter 24 Application of Embryonic Stem Cells as a Novel Tool in Drug Screening 429
Gi Jin Kim
Chapter 25 Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neuronal Networks:Their Electrical Functionality and Usability for Modelling and Toxicology 459
Riikka Äänismaa, Laura Ylä-Outinen, Jarno E. Mikkonen and Susanna Narkilahti
Chapter 26 A Novel Strategy for Drug Discovery and Development by Analyzing the Behavior of ES Cells Cultured on TOSHI (Tissue/Organ Sections for Histopathology)–Substrata 473
Toshiaki Takezawa .
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